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Preventivní opatření ke snižování prevalence anémie v důsledku nedostatečné výživy - porovnání strategií Egypta a Afghánistánu
Coufalová, Andrea
Coufalová, A., Preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of anemia due to insufficient nutrition – a comparison of Egypt and Afghanistan strategies. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University in Brno. Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies, 2022. The thesis is based on a comparison of strategies to reduce the prevalence of anemia due to insufficient nutrition in two developing countries where the occurrence of anemia is a significant problem. Nutritional anemia currently represents a major problem of food security, which is caused primarily by the intake of food insufficient to cover the daily need for vitamins and minerals. More specifically, it was Egypt and Afghanistan, with each country trying to reduce the incidence of nutritional anemia in a different way. The comparison of the strategies of the two selected countries was based on the results of data available on the official websites of both individual countries and international institutions. The economic level was also compared to the possibility of comparing strategies and justifying causal ones. The strategy to reduce the prevalence of anemia in Egypt was found to be more successful than the strategy implemented in Afghanistan. The reason for these results was the different socio-economic level of the two countries, the political situation and other investigated factors that have an incalculable impact on nutrition. Fortification of basic food, which is a suitable tool to reduce nutritional anemia in the lower strata of the population and was successful in Egypt, cannot be implemented in developing countries in which a strong role of the state apparatus to promote long-term strategic goals does not work.
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Preventive effects of folic acid in nutrition
Chalánková, Veronika ; Bušová, Milena (advisor) ; Tláskal, Petr (referee)
This thesis is focused on folic acid and its preventive effects on human health. Folic acid has many important functions in the human body and is especially important during pregnancy. It is essential for the proper development of the fetus and its adequate intake is the prevention of serious congenital malformations, such as neural tube defects, premature birth, abortion and other pathologies. The increased need for this vitamin is not easy to supplement with a regular diet. It is therefore recommended to take it in the form of food supplements (400-600 µg/day) during pregnancy and at least one month before the planned conception. For these reasons, it is necessary to focus on supporting the primary prevention of folic acid use, preferably in all fertile women. Folic acid also plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis and the main manifestation of its deficiency is megaloblastic anemia. Folic acid is further associated with the prevention of cardiovascular and cancer diseases and influencing the development of cognitive functions. The practical part of this thesis was focused on monitoring the saturation of pregnant women with this vitamin. The work contains a laboratory analysis of the content of the metabolite folic acid 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) in the urine of pregnant women in order to...
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The importance and need of folic acid during pregnancy
Mádle, Zuzana ; Starnovská, Tamara (advisor) ; Karbanová, Miroslava (referee)
Pregnancy places great strain upon the body of a woman. Many things contribute to a successful pregnancy, such as healthy eating habits, healthy lifestyle, adequate physical activity, fresh air, good mental health. It is recommended to begin folic acid supplementation even before conception. Folic acid, known as folate, is one of the B vitamins. Pregnancy places greater need for folic acid intake, especially in the early stages, where insufficiency or even deficiency can manifest in a pathological pregnancy, oftentimes fatal. The specific link between the two is not yet very well known. However, several studies have confirmed that there is a positive effect that comes with increased folic acid intake before conception and during the first few weeks of pregnancy, most notably reduced occurrence of neural tube birth defects. General population generally doesn't have adequate intake of folic acid, so there is usually a folic acid deficit before and during pregnancy as well. This can be countered by consuming food high in folate, targeted food enrichment or direct consumption of supplements containing folic acid. The Czech Republic currently doesn't enrich food with folic acid, therefore it is recommended to increase its intake via supplementation. Research investigation through paper questionnaires...
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Využití nanomateriálů pro zvýšení biodostupnosti doplňků stravy
Vašíčková, Kateřina
Bachelor thesis with the name Application of nanomaterials for enhancement of food supplements bioavailability deals with the effect of selected food supplements on human organism and the use of nanocarriers to improve their biological availability for organism. Literary part of this work is focused on the evaluation of problems of bioavailability of active food components. Then, the benefits and risks of taking food supplements are discussed, including model dietary supplements such as ascorbic and folic acids. The practical part of this work serves to evaluate the long-term stability of complex formed by protein nanocarrier (based on natural iron-storage protein apoferritin) with encapsulated molecules in various light conditions (ambient light, dark), temperatures (-20; 4; 20 and 37 C) and solvents (ACS water, PBS). Stability of this complex, the amount of prematurely released molecules and the size and shape of the nanocarrier were detected using absorbance and fluorescence of the encapsulated fluorescent tag, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The optimal storage conditions were dark, temperature of 4 C and ACS water as a solvent. Moreover, the capability of apoferritin to bind food supplements to apoferritin was researched. Different concentrations of ascorbic acid (615; 308; 154; 77 a 38 ug/ml) were successfully encapsulated to apoferritin when 39 % of all applied molecules were encapsulated. Folic acid was bonded on the surface of apoferritin in five different concentrations (200; 100; 50; 25 a 13 uM) using zero-length linker with 61 % efficiency. Finally, the stable complex of apoferritin with folic acid was applied to cellular line of neuroblastom UKF-NB4. It was discovered that higher concentration of encapsulated folic acid increased the amount of its internalization to cells. Therefore, the increase in bioavailability of folic acid and encapsulated molecules via nanocarriers was proved. The results of this work prove that the use of nanomaterials is applicable to food sector and at the same time can serve to improve the bioavailability of active substances during taking of dietary supplements.
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The importance of folic acid and ferum in pregnancy
Schrenková, Lenka ; Šišková, Ivana (advisor) ; Čermáková, Monika (referee)
V Abstract This bachelor thesis deals with value of folic acid in period of pregnancy. Thesis also aims at natural sources of folic acid and iron in food, risks in lack of these during pregnancy and following negative impacts on health of child and mother. In practical part are evaluated questionnaires of pregnant women about importance of folic acid and iron during pregnancy and also accessibility for these micronutrients in normal food. Key words: pregnancy, nutrition, folic acid, iron
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Anaemia focusing on macrocytic anaemia
ŠŤASTNÁ, Edita
The content of my thesis are macrocytic anaemia. I deal with overall issues of anaemia because it is a widespread disease. According to MCV, I divided individual anaemia into microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic. Then I focused only on the topic of macrocytic anaemia. Macrocytic anaemia is not a frequently occurring type of anaemia. The main causes of macrocytosis include deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12. I worked with a group of patients, who had examined blood counts for one month in the hospital České Budějovice a. s. In these patients, I examined the frequency of anaemia, which I further divided by MCV into microcytic, normocytic and macrocytic. Then I focused on the macrocytic anaemias. I worked with an automated hematology analyzer Unicel DxH 800 Beckman Coulter. In 12 % of all patients was detected macrocytic anaemia. According my observing, this disease appears more often with men and mostly in the age of 50 and older. In all cases I observed severity of this illness. Majority of patients was examined either for mild degree, or for moderate degree of anaemia. Severe cases were only rare. After that I traced back, if causes of macrocytosis were examined in cases, when patient suffer from anaemia. I worked with ADVIA analyzer and I found out that only 12 % patients were examined for vitamin B12 deficiency and only 11 % were examined for folic acid deficiency. I was wondering, why these parameters weren't examined. I watched therefore, which department examine these two parameters and if there is a connection between frequency of requests for this examination, together with the value of MCV or severity of anaemia. Based on my results, I realized that in cases of macrocytic anaemia often no search was done and that reduces the effectiveness of treatment.
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Folic acid - importance in the prevention of birth defects and its intake in pregnancy
CARDOVÁ, Sabina
The folic acid belongs to the group of hydrophilic B vitamins. Folic acid is required for many chemical reactions related to onecarbon transfers such as biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, building blocks of DNA and RNA. Therefore, folate is crucial especially during periods of rapid growth and development. During pregnancy is the need of folic acid significantly increasing due to the maternal tissue, placenta and fetus growth. Periconceptional intake of folic acid is known to reduce a woman's risk of having an infant affected by congenital malformations, especially neural tube birth defect (NTD). Women who are planning to conceive should be informed about the importance of folic acid. It is recommended to take folic acid supplementation for 3 months before pregnancy and continue with usage of supplementation until the end of the second trimester. Insufficient folate supply of the population is a global problem. Improvement is possible by increased consumption of folaterich foods and food supplements. Some countries have introduced mandatory fortification of food. Most often it is the enrichment of bread, rice and pasta. The theoretical part is divided into two chapters. The first chapters is focused on birth defects. This part includes a brief characterization of their occurrence, the factors that contribute to their formation, individual defects and contains information about perinatal diagnosis and primary prevention. The second chapter deals with the importance of folic acid in pregnancy. It also describes ways of folic acid absorption, food sources, stability and the possibility of increasing folate intake. This part presents risks of folic acid excess and the risk of folate deficiency. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the awareness among pregnant women about the importance of folic acid in the prevention of birth defects and to evaluate whether pregnant women endeavor for an adequate supply of folic acid. There were set up the two research questions: "What is the pregnant women awareness about the importance of folic acid in the prevention of birth defects?" and "To what extent pregnant women endeavor for the adequate supply of folic acid?". The practical part of the thesis was created using quantitative research method. Data collection was conducted in the form of printed questionnaires in the South Bohemia region, part of the questionnaires I received in electronic form. The questionnaire was anonymous, it consisted of 26 questions. It is evident from the results that 84% of pregnant women have awareness about the importance of folic acid in the prevention of birth defects. 20% of the surveyed women answered correctly what kind of defects are congenital malformations. Only 4% of the women gave completely correct answer to the question in which period is the most important sufficient supply of folate in the prevention of birth defects. Partially correct in this question were 55% of respondents. The vast majority of the pregnant women (93%) used a dietary supplement containing folic acid. However, only 40% of the women were using these supplements before conception. It seems that women of childbearing age and women planning a pregnancy are not sufficiently informed or do not follow recommendations from specialists. Consumption of foods rich in folate was seldom for these women. For most of them were characteristic insufficient supply of vegetables and legumes. The positive finding of the research was that pregnant women consume most of the vegetables in raw form. The stores are selling some products fortified with folic acid, it is salt, some drinks and variety of different cereals. Most of the women were not aware of these products, only 5% of women have purchased the product.
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Effect reduced levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid on the morfology of erythrocytes
POPELOVÁ, Michaela
The morphology of erythrocyte is an important diagnostic element. Changes in morphology can point to certain diseases. Among various morphological features of erythrocytes the automatic analyzers commonly examine their size and stainability. The size of erythrocyte is ranging between 6.7 and 7.7 mmicrometrů. The smaller erythrocytes are called microcytes while bigger ones are called macrocytes. The size of erythrocytes is assessed by MCV (Mean Cell Volume), which indicates the average corpuscular volume. The supply of substances such as proteins, vitamins and minerals is important for proper development and metabolism of erythrocytes. Especially iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid are substances that affect the morphology of the erythrocyte. Deficiency of these substances leads to morphological changes in the blood picture. The deficiency of iron is presented in the peripheral blood like microcytosis (MCV <80 fl). The macrocytosis is the opposite change, which means deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid (MCV> 97 fl). This change is the main theme of project. As a result of deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid, changes in bone marrow are formed in addition to changes observed in the peripheral blood. Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes the megaloblastic reconstruction of bone marrow. This reconstructed bone marrow differs from normoblastic bone marrow by size, shape and and the gap between the cytoplasm and nucleus maturation. The retardation of nuclear maturation is caused by a suppressed formation of DNA related to the above mentioned deficiency of vitamin B12. Megaloblastic anemia and pernicious anemia are other hematological diseases caused by deficiency of vitamin B12. These diseases are at work also mentioned. The causes, which lead to a lack of both vitamins, are variable, for instance their insufficient food intake, or a defect in their assimilation. At present automatic analyzers offer a full range of tested parameters of blood cells. The samples were examined by an automatic analyzer Coulter LH 750, which operates on the principle of impedance. The value of MCV analyzer calculates using the software as the average of all measured impedance pulses. The macrocytosis was presented in 4% of the total number of samples examined for levels of vitamin B12. In 52% of samples deficient values of B12 (< 150 ng/l) content were observed. The macrocytosis was present in 7.5% of the total number of samples examined for level of folic acid. The deficit values of folic acid (< 3,1 microgram/l) were observed in 38% of all cases. At increased values of MCV 27% deficiency of vitamin B12 and 33% deficiency of folic acid was found. This work confirmed the link between lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid and the subsequent development of morphological changes. The deficiency in vitamin B12, in folic acid or in both vitamins occurred at high MCV.
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